NExt OPSC medical officer exam 2023
Which tissue is most insulin
sensitive?
(A) Brain
(B) Liver
(C) Adipose tissue
(D) Cardiac muscle
Adipose tissue (fat tissue) is considered the most sensitive tissue to insulin. It responds well to insulin by taking up glucose and converting it into stored fat.
Certainly! Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. It helps cells in the body absorb glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream and use it for energy or storage.
Among the different types of tissues in the body, adipose tissue (fat tissue) is particularly sensitive to the effects of insulin. When insulin is released into the bloodstream after a meal, it binds to receptors on the surface of cells. In the case of adipose tissue, these receptors are abundant and highly responsive to insulin.
When insulin binds to its receptors on adipose cells, it triggers a series of biochemical reactions within the cell. This ultimately leads to the activation of proteins that facilitate the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into the adipose cells. Once inside the cells, glucose can be used for energy or converted into triglycerides, which are a form of stored energy in the form of fat.
This sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin is important for maintaining blood sugar levels. When adipose cells efficiently take up glucose in response to insulin, it helps prevent excess glucose from circulating in the bloodstream, which could lead to high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).
In contrast to adipose tissue, some other tissues like skeletal muscle and the liver can become resistant to the effects of insulin in conditions like insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. This means they don't respond as well to the presence of insulin, leading to higher levels of glucose in the bloodstream.
Hypercholesterolemia in a 15 year-
old girl may be due to the following
causes, except:
(A) Nephrotic syndrome
(B) Hypothyroidism
(C) Type V hyperlipoproteinenmia
(D) Obstructive jaundice
Hypercholesterolemia refers to high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream. This condition can lead to various health issues, including:
1. **Atherosclerosis:** Elevated cholesterol levels can contribute to the formation of plaque within arteries. Over time, this plaque buildup can narrow and harden the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can restrict blood flow to vital organs, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
2. **Heart Disease:** High cholesterol levels, particularly high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (often referred to as "bad" cholesterol), are a major risk factor for heart disease. LDL cholesterol can accumulate in artery walls, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of heart attacks.
3. **Stroke:** Atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the brain can lead to a stroke. If a piece of plaque breaks off and blocks a blood vessel in the brain, it can result in reduced blood flow and damage to brain tissue.
4. **Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD):** Atherosclerosis in the arteries that supply blood to the limbs can lead to peripheral artery disease. This can cause pain, weakness, or numbness in the legs and feet, and in severe cases, it may lead to tissue damage or amputation.
5. **Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):** This condition involves the narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. Reduced blood flow to the heart can lead to chest pain (angina) or heart attacks.
6. **Hypertension:** High cholesterol levels can contribute to high blood pressure (hypertension), as plaque buildup in the arteries can make it harder for blood to flow through them.
7. **Xanthomas:** These are fatty deposits that can form under the skin due to excess cholesterol. They are often seen in individuals with hypercholesterolemia and can appear as yellowish bumps or nodules on the skin.
8. **Pancreatitis:** Extremely high levels of cholesterol, particularly triglycerides (another type of lipid in the blood), can increase the risk of pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas.
9. **Gallstones:** High cholesterol levels can contribute to the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
10. **Metabolic Syndrome:** Hypercholesterolemia is often associated with other conditions like obesity, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. When these conditions occur together, they are collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Managing hypercholesterolemia typically involves lifestyle changes (such as adopting a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight) and, in some cases, medication prescribed by a healthcare professional. Regular monitoring and management of cholesterol levels are essential to reduce the associated health risks.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that can impact the balance of proteins in the bloodstream, including cholesterol. The relationship between nephrotic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia is intricate:
1. **Protein Leakage:** In nephrotic syndrome, the kidney's filtering units, known as glomeruli, become damaged and allow excessive amounts of protein to leak into the urine. One of the proteins that can be lost in the urine is albumin, which plays a role in maintaining proper blood vessel function. The loss of albumin triggers changes in the body's protein levels, including an increase in certain proteins like lipoproteins, which transport cholesterol in the blood.
2. **Elevated Cholesterol:** Nephrotic syndrome can lead to elevated levels of cholesterol and other lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. This occurs because the liver responds to the loss of albumin by producing more lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. As a result, people with nephrotic syndrome may experience hypercholesterolemia.
3. **Increased Cardiovascular Risk:** The combination of elevated cholesterol levels and protein leakage increases the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Elevated LDL cholesterol, commonly referred to as "bad" cholesterol, is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and its associated complications, such as heart attacks and strokes.
4. **Treatment Implications:** Managing the hypercholesterolemia associated with nephrotic syndrome is important to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. Dietary modifications, medications, and treatments to address the underlying kidney dysfunction can help manage cholesterol levels and minimize the impact of nephrotic syndrome on heart health.
It's important to note that the relationship between nephrotic syndrome and hypercholesterolemia is complex, and individual cases can vary. Healthcare professionals will closely monitor and manage both the kidney disorder and its effects on cholesterol levels to minimize the risk of complications.
Certainly! Let me explain the drainage function of the thoracic duct in the context of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that work together to transport a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body. Lymph is similar to blood plasma but contains white blood cells, proteins, waste products, and other substances. The primary functions of the lymphatic system include maintaining fluid balance, filtering harmful substances, and supporting the immune system.
One of the key components of the lymphatic system is the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel and serves as a major drainage pathway for lymphatic fluid. Here's how it works:
1. **Collection of Lymph:** Lymphatic fluid originates from the interstitial spaces between cells. This fluid contains waste products, excess fluids, and various substances that need to be transported away from tissues. As lymphatic fluid accumulates, it enters small lymphatic vessels called lymphatic capillaries.
2. **Transport through Lymphatic Vessels:** The lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger lymphatic vessels. These vessels resemble blood vessels but have thinner walls. Lymphatic vessels carry lymph throughout the body, and their movement is driven by muscle contractions and the rhythmic motion of surrounding tissues.
3. **Thoracic Duct's Role:** The thoracic duct plays a crucial role in collecting lymph from various regions of the body. It collects lymph from the lower limbs, abdomen, left side of the chest, left arm, and the left side of the head and neck. This includes lymph from organs like the intestines and the lower extremities.
4. **Lymph Nodes:** Along the path of the lymphatic vessels, there are specialized structures called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are like checkpoints where lymph is filtered and harmful substances, such as bacteria and damaged cells, are captured and destroyed by immune cells.
5. **Cisterna Chyli:** The thoracic duct begins as a dilation called the cisterna chyli in the abdomen. It receives lymph from the intestinal trunk, which collects lymph from the digestive organs. From the cisterna chyli, lymph enters the thoracic duct.
6. **Drainage into Bloodstream:** The thoracic duct ascends through the thorax alongside the vertebral column and passes through the diaphragm. It then empties into the left subclavian vein at the base of the neck, near the junction with the left internal jugular vein. This is where lymph re-enters the bloodstream, completing its drainage journey.
In summary, the thoracic duct serves as a major conduit for draining lymphatic fluid from various regions of the body back into the bloodstream. This drainage function helps maintain fluid balance, remove waste products, and support the body's immune response.
The osmolality of normal human
plasma in an adult (mosm / L)
is :
(A) 260-280
(B) 280-295
(C) 300-330
(D) 320-340
The normal osmolarity of human blood plasma typically falls within the range of approximately 275 to 295 milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L). Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of solute particles (such as electrolytes and other dissolved substances) in a solution. In the case of blood plasma, it reflects the concentration of various ions, sugars, proteins, and other molecules dissolved in the liquid component of blood. The osmolarity range for blood plasma is carefully regulated by the body to maintain proper fluid balance and function of cells and tissues.
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